Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Paragraphs analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paragraphs analysis - Assignment Example Rest of the paragraph is built on the topic sentence and every sentence further builds the reader’s thought on the subject. Sentences are structured beautifully and cohesively. The paragraph is so tightly structured that the exclusion of even a sentence can damage the comprehension of the topic. Contrary to this paragraph # 1 rather starts with a slack sentence. Reader finds it hard to get into the theme of the paragraph. This cause a jerky start and reader jumps to next sentence in order to get to the bottom of the idea being presented. But one can only find the topic sentence in the last line of the paragraph. Rest of the paragraph is a product of loosely knitted sentences with least or no cohesion among ideas and elements of the paragraph. Most of the sentences are structured in a complex manner which decreases the readability of the paragraph. The sentence structure irritates the reader and he finds it hard to focus on the idea being presented. Redundant vocabulary and loo se connection between ideas and sentences also cause boredom. The relentless use of punctuation further destructs the continuity of the paragraph. Welcome to WritePoint, the automated review system that recognizes errors most commonly made by university students in academic essays. The system embeds comments into your paper and suggests possible changes in grammar and style.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Associates Capstone Essay Example for Free

Associates Capstone Essay Executive Summary In going through some of things regarding buying the business I think Mike should make sure that the coffee shop is up to code. He should talk to officials about required standards, for running a coffee shop, licenses; the different laws for having the shop in Sunnydale, Illinois, all of will be needed and will help to keep the restaurant running properly inside and out. It is also important that he reviews each file for all employees making sure all documents that are needed for hire are there, reading through and seeing the difference in their duties and the performance prior to him buying the shop and respond accordingly and whatever decisions he makes with each one or if hiring new document all that is done to cover himself within the law. Going through the business files and reading the comments given by customers is important for this will help to give him proper information on what is liked and dislike about the coffee shop and making a plan to change things or get new things to keep them satisfied and coming back, for ex: as accepting credit cards for payments as well as cash. Going more into the business files checking on the finances and accounting is important to be sure all is accounted for, profits are being make and what the next plan would be according to what is found. This will also help in what they are spending for supplies and necessities and where he can save money and use it for other things needed, also go over the income part to see where they can change prices and get better ideas compare the coffee shop to the competitors place and prices. Also make sure all appliances are up to date and properly handle according to code. After reviewing all of these things an going forward making a proper business plan and procedures of moving forward will give Mike a properly ran business with happy customers coming in and employees glad to keep it running and making profits. Regulations In reviewing some of the personnel files on the employees it seems you will have to definitely put together a company/employee/personnel manual. This will help with the government regulations for the State in which the coffee shop is in and it will also spell out what the Company will expect of the employees and what they expect in terms of benefits and other topics related to employment. (The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Starting Your Own Business, page 203). Be sure that when creating this manual you have included all the necessary rules that you want and intend to enforce, (no drinking on the job, no smoking in the workplace, excessive tardiness, or absenteeism, no sexual harassment, no discrimination in the workplace, no stealing and all other rules that will be enforced, then have a meeting with the current employees and any new employee to review before getting started and have them each sign it to keep in their personnel files. This will let them know that you intend to en force these rules and if not followed the consequences could be termination. Management First thing I would do is create a business plan, Mike is considered the Strategic Manager for the coffee shop and he will need to create a plan, organize it, lead it and control the outcome of all that will happen within the business. He will need to focus on the long term goals of the shop and once he has these can move forward in communicating with the employees. He will then need to meet with each of the employees individually to go over their files, be sure to update them with all proper paperwork and they are legal to work. When discussing things with them do not bring up personal topics: marital status, race, religion, etc. for this would be a violation and is not permitted during any type of interview or meeting with an existing employee or new employee. You can let them know the good things about working for you at the shop and even some things that are not so good, make sure the employee knows what work they will be doing and agrees to it and they will be able to perform these duties, you can also see if they have questions regarding the manual and take care of it at that moment have them sign indicating they have read and understand it. I think he should also review the break room and clean it up putting up the proper documents on the board and take down all that unnecessary stuff on it. He needs to have posted the proper documents of the law with minimum wage and health. The only other thing up there could be the schedule and notes of reminders of what needs to be done. He then should take care of the stock room and office to have them both properly cleaned up things in right places. Once all these things have been accomplished it will make for a better organized area and easier for him to control and lead his employees and have a well established running coffee shop. Finance and Accounting Reviewing the finances is important; it seems they have a very high salary expense (for a coffee shop) and supplies expense that needs attending to. This means checking with other suppliers and their prices. As for the salaries we would need to go over everyone’s positions held and the salary they are being paid and make sure it fits with their positions and pay scale. As I continued going through the files I noticed the income tax/employment tax and other forms were still from 2006, need to get all those updated from previous owner or get them taken care of and all financial and payroll taxes to date. Not filing properly for state taxes/employment/unemployment is a violation and subject to penalties. I would also review the loan that was taken out on the freezer and be sure all payments had been made previously on time and see what the payoff is, he may be able to save monies on paying it off then paying the extra interest each month. Once all of these are reviewed and items that need attention either corrected or forms filled out and all things brought to date, Mike will have a better understanding of the numbers and all within in the business to get him started and ready to go. Make the decisions on what actions need to be taken to achieve these goals. This is part of the strategic planning of the long term goals for the company; it covers major portions of the company. Organizing, Joe will have to get organize the departments, get the right people in place, create the proper systems needed to properly run the company, bring together all resources needed to have it run properly. Now he will have to take these and lead his employees under him to want to be there and work and give there all, with motivation and communication. He will maintain good contact with them to give them what they need to keep the company running properly with all he has organized. Proper leading of employees will help to give more of themselves to produce quality work by giving guidance and inspiration to them. Leading takes place in many areas of the business not just from the top, also from teams, divisions and departments. He will also set values and mission with his leading. Now the last part of the management function is controlling, taking all of the planning, organizing and leading and controlling it to keep it functional. All the other functions isn’t the success of the company it is the monitoring the performance and make changes where necessary. He needs to make sure the plans are being used and goals are being met within the company, also needs feedback in all areas so that he can make changes, to processes, procedures where needed. Financial Statements Checking to be sure all the financial statements have been done and balanced is very important. In checking the business files it seems they balanced but not all were completed, this will help to know where the business stands and where changes could be made. There are 4 parts to the financial statements, income statement, balance sheet, cash flows and owner’s equity. I only noticed 2 of the 4 mentioned in the business files each one of these statements has its own meaning that should be understood even if Mike plans to have someone else handle it, income statement will let him know whether or not the business is profitable, it totals the revenue and then subtracts the expenses associated with making that revenue; results being the pretax profit and after taxes are paid net income. These statements can be done monthly, yearly, quarterly or year to date, I think for Mike monthly would be good for it will show how much he has sold and what it cost to create the sales each month. The balance sheet is a snapshot of how things are at a particular moment, shows the amount of assets and liabilities at a particular point and time, where his income statement shows the flow of money in and out of the company in a specific time frame. His cash flow statement could be the most important for it will tell him whether or not he has enough cash to pay the bills. This statement will reflect investments, borrowing, etc. and other balance sheet changes. The key challenge is that he will need to keep more cash coming in than going out especially with just starting out. His owner’s equity will be the portion of the balance sheet which shows what is left over when all liabilities are subtracted from all assets. This is the number he wants to maximize because it can reflect th e book value of his company. Once Mike has reviewed all of these and are updated he will know what changes will need to be made within the coffee shop from many points. Problem Solving Problem solving and decision making are very important factors in every managers or persons within their business, even in the Coffee Shop for Mike. He will have things that happen or a daily basis and even on an hourly basis in which his skills as the owner and manger are in demand. He may at first with many as a reaction to things react against it, which can cause a downward spiral. He may look at the past and use the old way to fix a current problem and that usually doesn’t work. Mike will need to have a planned approach and then execute it. By doing this he will avoid having the same problem over and over again and use doesn’t continually solve a different problem the same way as the other. There are a few approaches he can take, he can define the problem, look at the potential causes, find different ways to solving the problem, choose which solution is best, make the action plan and then monitor and verify the solution. By doing these things it will help to ensure all is working properly as it should after the solution has been decided. Mike can use these basic steps in his new role as Owner/Manager of the Coffee Shop, making this plan to solve a problem and the decision will make for a better team in the Coffee Shop. Reference(s) Management, Bateman and Snell, Chapter 1 and Chapter 4, 2010 http://ezinearticles.com/?Top-Level-of-Managementid=20181389 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Starting Your Own Business, Fourth Edition by Edward Paulson http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/article/87158.aspx

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Descartes and the Existence of Physical Objects Essay -- Descartes

Descartes and the Existence of Physical Objects In his sixth meditation Descartes must return to the doubts he raised in his first one. Here he deals mainly with the mind-body problem and tries to prove whether material things exist with certainty. In this meditation he develops his dualist argument; by making a distinction between mind and body; although he also reveals that the are significantly related. He considers existence of the external world and whether its perception holds any knowledge of this world. He also questions whether this knowledge is real or is merely an illusion. He makes it quite clear how misleading and deceiving some external sensations can be. In the beginning of this last meditation he attempts to prove the existence of external object. One way of achieving this is by recognizing the distinct ideas he had of external objects are thoroughly imprinted in his memory, he realizes that the concept of these ideas could not have originated from his mind. Therefore holding the clear knowledge of these objects was a projection of other objects. He realized he...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Ap Dbq List

A. P. United States History 2. Name___________________________Date________ ? Chapter 26. The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896. Theme 1: After the Civil War, whites overcame the Plains Indians’ fierce resistance and settled the Great West, bringing to a close the long frontier phase of American history. Theme 2: The farmers who populated the West found themselves the victims of an economic revolution in agriculture. Trapped in a permanent debtor dependency, in the 1880s they finally turned to political action to protest their condition. Their efforts culminated in the Populist Party’s attempt to create an interracial farmer/labor coalition in the 1890s, but William Jennings Bryan’s defeat in the pivotal election of 1896 signaled the triumph of urbanism and the middle class. I. Summary for Chapter. Read this section as you are reading the text, as these are the main ideas and concepts of the reading. It is also very important to look over all text inserts, cartoons, pictures, maps, charts etc. that are in the reading. (33 pgs) 1. At the close of the Civil War, the Great Plains and Mountain West were still occupied by Indians who hunted buffalo on horseback and fiercely resisted white encroachment on their land and way of life. But as the whites’ livestock grazed the prairies and diseases undercut Indian strength and numbers, a cycle of environmental destruction and intertribal warfare soon threatened Native Americans’ existence. The federal government combined a misconceived â€Å"treaty† program with intermittent warfare to force the Indians into largely barren reservations. 2. Attempting to coerce Indians into adopting white ways, the government passed the Dawes Act, which eliminated tribal ownership of land while often insensitive â€Å"humanitarians† created a network of Indian boarding schools that further assaulted traditional Native American culture. 3. The mining and cattle frontiers created colorful chapters in western history. Farmers carried out the final phase of settlement, lured by free homesteads, railroads, and irrigation. The census declared the end of the frontier in 1890, concluding a formative phase of American history. The frontier was less a â€Å"safety valve† than many believed, but the growth of cities actually made the West the most urbanized region of the United States by the 1890s. 4. Beginning in the 1870s, farmers began pushing into the treeless prairies beyond the 100th meridian, using the techniques of dry farming that gradually contributed to soil loss. Irrigation projects, later financed by the federal government, allowed specialized farming in many areas of the arid West, including California. The â€Å"closing† of the frontier in 1890 signified the end of traditional westward expansion, but the Great West remained a unique social and environmental region. 5. As the farmers opened vast new lands, agriculture was becoming a mechanized business dependent on specialized production and international markets. Once declining prices and other woes doomed the farmers to permanent debt and dependency, they began to protest their lot, first through the Grange and then through Farmers’ Alliances, the prelude to the People’s (Populist) party. 6. The major depression of the 1890s accelerated farmer and labor strikes and unrest, leading to a growing sense of class conflict. In 1896 pro-silverite William Jennings Bryan captured the Democratic Party’s nomination, and led a fervent campaign against the â€Å"goldbug† Republicans and their candidate William McKinley. McKinley’s success in winning urban workers away from Bryan proved a turning point in American politics, signaling the triumph of the city, the middle class, and a new party system that turned away from monetary issues and put the Republicans in the political driver’s seat for two generations. II. Major questions & concepts for consideration. Write these out on a separate sheet of paper. These will be the topics of discussion and class participation. Look above in the summary of the chapter, as you answer the following conceptual questions: 1. Discuss the causes and results of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the great West. 2. Explain the development of federal policy toward Native Americans in the late nineteenth century. 3. Analyze the brief flowering and decline of the cattle and mining frontiers. 4. Explain the impact of the closing of the frontier and the long-term significance of the frontier for American history. 5. Describe the revolutionary changes in farming on the Great Plains. 6. Describe the economic forces that drove farmers into debt, and describe how the Grange, the Farmers’ Alliances and the Populist Party organized to protest their oppression. 7. Explain the major issues in the critical campaign of 1896 and describe the long term effects of McKinley’s victory. III. Significant names, terms, and topics: Know these terms etc. A. P. Jeopardy: The Clash of Cultures on the Plains (Page 594) Before reading this section read the quotation of Frederick Jackson Turner on page 594. This is a quote from his famous essay The significance of the Frontier in American History (1920) Also read the analysis of the essay in Varying Viewpoints on page 622. Also see 48 below. Please also see the picture and caption on page 595 this certainly â€Å"talks† to the do cument from the Coronado expedition of 1541. †¢ Overview Cause: The encroachment of white settlement and the violation of treaties. Effect: Led to nearly constant warfare with Planes Indians from 1868 to about 1890. . Significance of intertribal warfare, and forced migration of tribes. †¢ Cheyenne and Sioux transformation from foot travel, crop villages to nomadic buffalo hunters. 2. Effects of European diseases, and white introduced livestock had devastating results. 3. Pacification Treaties marked the beginning of the reservation system in the West. †¢ Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851 †¢ †¢ Treaty of Fort Atkinson, 1853 †¢ †¢ These treaties established boundaries for each: †¢ †¢ Attempted to separate Indians into two great colonies North and South of intended: 4. White misunderstanding of Indian culture and the results: †¢ Study the picture and caption Pawnee Indians in Front of their Lodge 1868 and the document One Dishearten Indian complained on page 592. 5. (1860) Great Sioux reservation (Dakota Territory) and Indian Territory in Oklahoma. †¢ Continued dishonesty of federal Indian agents. †¢ †¢ Immigrant and Buffalo Soldiers were involved in fierce warfare on the plains. See picture on page 597. Receding Native Population (Page 597) †¢ Study the map Indian Wars, 1860-1890 on page 598. As you read below locate the major Indian battles on the map. . Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Colorado, Killing of over 400 Indians. †¢ Colonel J. M. Chivington. See Chivington document on page 598. 7. Fetterman Massacre (1866) The Sioux led by Chief Red Cloud attempted to stop the Bozeman Trail, which was to go from Fort Laramie, Wyoming, straight through the heart of the Sioux hunting ground in Montana. Captain William Fetterman a nd his command of 81 were killed in Wyoming. †¢ The cycle of vicious warfare followed. 8. Treaty of Fort Laramie, (1868) The U. S. government abandoned building the Bozeman Trail. 9. Black Hills gold† (1864) Colonel George Armstrong Custer’s scientific expedition into the South Dakota. †¢ Gold Rush 10. Little Big Horn Massacre (1876) Col. Custer’s Seventh Cavalry of 264 officers and men killed. †¢ Indian leaders were Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. †¢ †¢ Indian resistance was gradually worn down, and by the end of the 1870s, most Sioux were on reservations. †¢ 11. Nez Perce (1977) †¢ In 1877 the U. S. government ordered the Nez Perce of eastern Oregon to move to a smaller reservation in Idaho. When they were given the orders to move the young braves staged a series of raids. Fearing reprisals, the Nez Perce attempted to escape to Canada, led by Chief Joseph. This group of 800 Indians evaded capture for 75 days before surrendering to the U. S. troops just 40 miles from the Canadian border. In advising his people to give up, Chief Joseph made a moving speech. †¢ â€Å"I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed†¦The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led the young men is dead. It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want time to have to look for my children and see how many I can find. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired. My heat is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever†. 12. Apache tribes of Arizona and New Mexico †¢ Geronimo (c1823-1909 See the picture and caption on page 599. 13. The fate of the Plains Indian culture 14. Name the factors that† tamed the Indian† Note that the author has prioritized the factors, often this is what you are asked to do in historical essays. Can you see the type of question that could be asked here, and how you would set up your thesis? Within your thesis one would include what major factors? †¢ Railroad †¢ †¢ Diseases †¢ †¢ Alcohol †¢ †¢ Extermination of the Buffalo †¢ †¢ Note that you have a classic cause and effect: Railroad building, disease, and the destruction of the buffalo, decimated Indian and hastened their defeat at the hands of advancing whites. Bellowing Herds of Bison (Page 599) 15. Bison as the staff of life for the Plains Indians. †¢ 16. Railroad construction and the food supplies f or the workers. †¢ William Cody -hero or villain? The End of the Trail (Page 602) Study the map, caption and text Vanishing Lands on page 602. Study the text on The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and The Dawes Act of 1887. 17. Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor (1881) †¢ Ramona (1884) †¢ What was the significance of these books? †¢ †¢ What other books in your study of history had significant influence on public opinion? †¢ †¢ Study the photograph and caption Lakotas Receiving Rations at Standing Rock Reservation, ca. 1881. On page 603. Also study the document Plenty Coups speaks 18. Why did do-gooders want to make Indians white folks? 19. Outlaw of the Sun Dance in 1884. †¢ â€Å"Ghost Dance† cult spread among the Sioux †¢ 20. The Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890) on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota resulted in the deaths of 200 Indians, many of them women and children. The incident at Wounded Knee marked the end of armed conflict between the United States government and the Indians. †¢ Read the documents Civil War veteran General Sheridan reflected on page 602. 21. Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This dissolved many tribes as legal entities. Forced-assimilation †¢ No tribal ownership †¢ †¢ Individual family heads with †¢ Severalty: The condition, as of land being held or owned by separate or individual right. †¢ Reservation land not given to the Indians was sold, money going to help â€Å"civilize† and educate the Indians. †¢ Why do the authors call this a misbegotten offspring of the Indian reform policy? 22. Carlisle Indian School (1879) Pennsylvania. Kill the Indian and save the man. †¢ By 1900 Indians had lost; 23. Indian Reorganization Act, (1934) †¢ (The Indian New Deal did what? ) †¢ 24. By 1887 â€Å"Bullets, bottles, and bacteria† resulted in? †¢ †¢ What did the census of 2000 indicate? †¢ Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker (Page 604) 5. â€Å"fifty-niners† (1858) Colorado gold rush †¢ Pike’s Peak many stayed on to mine or farm grain. 26. Nevada, 1859 †¢ Comstock Lode (1860-1890) both gold and silver. †¢ Significance to Lincoln in 1864? †¢ Smaller mining strikes drew population into Montana, Idaho and other western states 27. Boomtowns †¢ Vigilante justice 28. What replaced the individual miner? †¢ Why was this significant? †¢ Why was the mining frontier important to women? †¢ Why are the dates given and states given important to women? 29. The great abundance of precious metals mined in the West had a profound affect on the nation. Thesis) †¢ Note the factors of importance given by the author and how they prioritize these factors. †¢ Quickly list those factors under: †¢ economic: †¢ †¢ political: †¢ †¢ social: †¢ Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive (Page 605) †¢ Study the map Cattle Trails on page 605 and note the photograph and caption Dressed to Kill. †¢ 30. Solution of the marketing problem for the Long Horn 31. â€Å"Beef barons† Swift and Armour Giant meat packers at Kansas City and Chicago 32. The â€Å"long drive† Texas cowboys to the Railroad terminal †¢ Cow towns: Dodge City, Abilene, Kansas, Ogallala, Nebraska, and Cheyenne Wyoming. See the map on page 605 and locate the rail heads 33. Frontier justice †¢ The cattle drive continued fro 1866-1888 34. The Railroad and what other factors killed the Long Drive? †¢ †¢ Winter of 1886-1887 †¢ 35. As a result the stockmen did what to save his livelihood? †¢ Wyoming Stock Growers Association †¢ †¢ The cowboy folklore lives on. †¢ †¢ Study the map and caption Myth and reality on page 603. The Farming Frontier (Page 606) Note the DBQ The Farmers’ Movement, 1870-1900 on page A118. 36. Sodbuster 37. The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed a settler to acquire: †¢ †¢ How was this Act different from previous policy? Why did the Homestead Act often turn out to be a â€Å"Cruel Hoax†? †¢ †¢ 38. How did railways play a major role in the development of the agricultural West? †¢ Marketing of crops †¢ RR induced people to buy cheap land (Propaganda) †¢ 39. The myth of the great American Desert Wh at does the author mean? †¢ †¢ 40. 100th meridian and its significance? †¢ John Wesley Powell director of the U. S. Geological Survey warned in 1874: †¢ †¢ See Average Annual Precipitation map on page 610. Locate the 100th meridian line. †¢ Drought 1887-1892 41. â€Å"Dry farming† and its future consequences? †¢ †¢ Winter wheat from: †¢ 42. Joseph F. Glidden (1874) and his contribution: 43. Irrigation systems. One should note the consequences of this damming of the rivers in Marc Reisner†s classic book: Cadillac Desert. The American West and its Disappearing Water. The Far West Comes of Age (Page 608) 44. What was the motive of the Republican Congress of 1888-90? †¢ 45. What held up Utah from becoming a state until 1896? †¢ 46. â€Å"Sooners† â€Å"Boomers† â€Å"Sooner State† (1889) †¢ The Fading Frontier (Page 610) 47. What was the significance of the watershed date-1890? †¢ 48. Frederick Jackson Turner â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier in American History† (1920) †¢ 9. National Parks, Yellowstone (1872) Yosemite, Sequoia (1890) 50. â€Å"Safety-valve theory† You should be able to restate this in your own words, and give reasons for its validity. The author suggests that the safety valve of the late 19th century was: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Some vali dity? †¢ †¢ †¢ Study the chart Homestead from Public Lands on page 611. †¢ Real safety valve in late 19th century was in western cities: †¢ †¢ Study the chart 51. In this last section the author’s sets in motion a thesis based upon the trans-Mississippi West as a unique area. †¢ Note how they bring in diversity and a blend of cultures. †¢ †¢ Native American †¢ Anglo culture †¢ †¢ Hispanic culture †¢ †¢ Asian-American What other factors do they bring to his position? †¢ Environment molds †¢ Social †¢ Political †¢ American imagination †¢ Federal government role in the West Do you agree? †¢ Look at VI. Below: Expanding Viewpoints and see how historians Turner and White disagree. These thoughts are expanded also on page 622 â€Å"Was the West Really Won†? Do you recognize their thesis? †¢ The Farm become a Factory (Page 612) 52. The situation American farmers, once the jacks-and- jills-of- all-trades, were rapidly changing. (A thesis) †¢ Note the support for this thesis below: Can you identify the causes and the effects? Place a (C) for causes and a (E) for effects and be able to defend your position. †¢ â€Å"Cash crops† wheat or corn †¢ †¢ Cogs-tied to: †¢ †¢ Had to buy expensive machinery †¢ †¢ Placement of blame †¢ †¢ â€Å"mechanization of agriculture† †¢ †¢ (farm as factory) †¢ 53. The reformer Henry George Progress and Poverty (See pages 579) description of agricultural California. Deflation Dooms the Debtor (Page 609) 54. One crop economy has a written in danger, to understand what follows is to understand this danger. †¢ World Market and its influences †¢ 55. Know how low prices and a deflated currency caused trouble for the farmer North, South and West. †¢ †¢ †¢ If you’re not sure ask in class. 56. What is a static money supply? †¢ †¢ What results? †¢ 57. What was the vicious cycle the farmers were caught in? †¢ farm machinery increased production †¢ Increase of grain lowered the price †¢ Farmers thus became deeper in debt 58. What were the effects on the farmers? †¢ Mortgage default †¢ Farm tenancy rather than ownership †¢ Sharecropping in the South †¢ New industrial feudalism Unhappy Farmers (Page 613) †¢ Farmers faced many problems and grievances See the poster and caption The Farmer’s Grievances on page 615. 59. Effects of nature on the farmers: †¢ Insects †¢ Floods, erosion †¢ drought †¢ Expensive fertilizers †¢ 60. Effects of government on the farmers: †¢ Local, state, national gouged the farmers †¢ Land overassess ed †¢ taxes †¢ High protective tariffs †¢ 61. Effects of corporations on farmers: †¢ At the mercy of Trusts †¢ Harvester, barbed wire, fertilizer trusts †¢ Middleman cut †¢ Mercy of the grain warehouses, elevators and railroads. †¢ 62. Effects of the railroad on farmers: †¢ Freight rates †¢ Difficulty to protest, RR operators revenge. †¢ 63. Why were the farmers unorganized? †¢ Independent †¢ Individualistic †¢ 64. Restriction of production was forced by the Federal government during the Great depression under Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. See Paying Farmers Not to Farm, pages 783. The Farmers Take Their Stand (Page 615) For an overview of this movement see Fast Track To A 5, pages 219-222 The Growth of Discontent: Farmers Organize 65. Greenback movement in 1868 demanded: †¢ †¢ 66. National Grange (1867) organized by Oliver H. Kelley. 67. First objective of the Grange: †¢ Social †¢ Economic †¢ Fraternal activities 68. Next goal of the Grange: †¢ Economic Coop. stores, grain elevators and warehouses †¢ Manufacture of harvesters 69. Grange political goals: †¢ State legislation of RR rates, Grain storage fees †¢ Granger laws defeated †¢ †¢ Wabash decision, 1886. See page 538. The Supreme Court ruled that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. Later (1887) the congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission which forbade railroads from some of their wrongdoings. 70. Greenback Labor party (goals) †¢ †¢ James B. Weaver (Greenback Labor Party) ran in the Presidential election of 1880, against (James A. Garfield (Rep) and Winfield S Hancock (Dem) he polled only 3% of the popular vote. See page A59. †¢ Note that Weaver again run for President with the Populist (People’s) Party in 1892 and won over a million popular votes and 22 electoral votes. See pages 523-24. Prelude to Populism (Page 613) Also see Fast Track To A 5, pages 221-24. The Populist Party. Also see Mr. Soward’s handout Pictotext 34 The Farmers Seek a New political Party Read the text and turn to the pictures Highlights of the Populist Platform. 71. Farmers’ Alliance goals: †¢ †¢ †¢ What weakened the Alliance? †¢ Ignored: †¢ †¢ 72. Colored Farmers’ National alliance (1880) History of racial division and divide and rule. 73. The emergence of the People’s Party (Populists) †¢ What were their goals? It is very important to know these goals as they set you up to understand the great reforms that were to follow. †¢ Nationalize the †¢ †¢ Graduated: †¢ †¢ Create federal Subtreasury †¢ †¢ Free and unlimited coinage †¢ 74. William Hope Harvey and his pamphlet Coin’s Financial School (1894) †¢ His goal was for what? 75. Ignatius Donnelly of Minnesota a Populist Congressman. †¢ Mary Elizabeth Lease (1853-1933) Raise â€Å"Less Corn and more Hell. See the picture and caption on page 616. †¢ Standing almost six feet tall, she spoke passionately on behalf of the downtrodden farmers and challenged them to unite to improve their condition. Her legendary speeches could mesmerize an audience for two or three hours. â€Å"You may call me an anarchi st, a socialist, or a communist, I care not, but I hold to the theory that if one man has not enough to eat three times a day and another has $25 million, that last man has something that belongs to the first. † By 1890 she backed the Populist Party and traveled West and South, stirring up support for the third party. Let the old political parties know that the raid is over,† she exhorted, â€Å"and that monopolies, trusts, and combines shall be relegated t Hades. † The Gilded Age, Janette T. Greewood,Oxford U. Press, page 140 †¢ The other major political parties began to pay attention to Populist issues. See James B. Weaver in the election of 1892. . Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike (Page 614) †¢ Before your study of Coxey’s Army and its significance, one might want to make the connection with other rebellions in American history and see what their origins were and note any similarities. See: Andros Rebellion (1689) page 53. Baconâ€⠄¢s Rebellion (1676) page 68. †¢ Leisler’s Rebellion (1689-91) page 82. Salem Witch Trials (1692-3) page 79-80. †¢ Paxton Boys (1764) page 88. (Also see Benjamin Franklin, Walter Isaacson, pp. 210-14. ) †¢ Shays’s Rebellion (1786) page 176. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) page 196. Bonus Army (1932) page 766. 76. The Panic of 1893 (This lasted from 1893-1894), followed by the Silver Campaign Depression 1895-98 77. The goals of General Jacob S. Coxey (1894) †¢ †¢ †¢ Study the photograph and caption Coxey’s Army Enters the District of Columbia, 1894 on page 617. Coxey’s achievement: †¢ 78. Pullman Strike of 1894. †¢ See the picture and caption on page 618. †¢ Eugene V. Debs, American Railway Union †¢ Union Grievances †¢ 79. Governor Peter Altgeld †¢ †¢ Vs. Att. Gen. Richard Olney. †¢ President Cleveland’s stance. †¢ 80. What is a Federal Court Injunction? †¢ †¢ 81. What was the unholy alliance between business and the courts? †¢ †¢ What was the significance of this belief? †¢ Golden McKinley and Silver Bryant (Page 618) 82. Election of 1896. †¢ Conservatives feared class upheaval. †¢ †¢ Discontented farmers and workers looked for political salvation. †¢ 83. Marcus Alonzo Hanna of Ohio a â€Å"President Maker. † †¢ Hanna’s ideology: †¢ Prime function of government: †¢ Prosperity trickled down to labor †¢ 84. Republican Platform favored: †¢ Gold †¢ Democratic incapacity and the economic hard times of the Panic of 1896 †¢ Continued protective tariff †¢ Study cartoon and caption Crying for Protection, 1898 on page 619). 85. Democratic Convention July 1896. †¢ Refusal to endorse President Cleveland. †¢ 86. William Jennings Bryant of Nebraska gave the stirring speech Cross of Gold speech. †¢ See the picture and caption on page 621 and the cartoon and caption The Sacrilegious Candidate. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold†. †¢ Bryan was nominated by the Democratic party. †¢ 87. Democratic Platform favored: †¢ Inflation (unlimited coinage of silver 16 oz to 1 88. A number of Democratic Gold Bugs left the Party 89. The Populist Party dilemma: †¢ The Populist Party endorsed Bryan for president, the so called Demo-Pop party. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders (Page 620) 90. Why were some people fearful of the Free Silver issue? †¢ †¢ 91. How did the â€Å"dirty tricks† (â€Å"Stop Bryan, Save America† crusade)work in favor of the big industrialists? †¢ †¢ †¢ 92. McKinley triumphed 93. The authors make the point the† the free-silver election of 1896† was †¦ the most significant political turning point since Lincoln’s victories in 1860 and 1864. † †¢ What evidence do they give? †¢ †¢ Eastern wage earners voted for jobs †¢ †¢ Wage earners had no reason to favor inflation †¢ Outcome of the election was a victory for big business, big cities, middle class values and financial conservatives. †¢ Last real effort to win the Presidency with mostly agrarian votes. †¢ 94. Republicans held on to the White House from 1896 to 1912 when Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected. 95. Republican dominance in 1896 gave the death knell of the Gilded Age political party system. †¢ See map and caption Presidential Election of 1896 on page 623. †¢ Diminishing voter participation †¢ Weakening of political organizations †¢ Fading of money,and civil service reform issues Replaced by Issues of industrial regulation and welfare for labor (The 4th Party system) †¢ Read carefully the footnote at the bottom of page 623 dealing with the 5 party systems, it is important to understand these party systems, as it will make more sense as we move ahead to the study of F. D. Roosevelt’s New Deal (5 th party system) and R. M. Nixon’s election of 1968-the 6th party system? Did we enter a 7th party system with George W. Bush? Republican Stand-pattism Enthroned (Page 623) 96. Republican conservative approach: †¢ Shy away from issues of reform †¢ Business and trusts given free reign †¢ †¢ Dingley Tariff Bill (1897) It is important to look at the Tariff Chart in the Appendix (A55) †¢ †¢ Look at the Tariff of 1828 and then up to the Dingley Tariff (1897) †¢ Note the North American Free Trade Agreement (N. A. F. T. A. ) (1993). As we continue our studies and explore other tariffs please refer to this chart. 97. Gold Standard Act of 1900 provided: †¢ 98. How did nature and science provide for inflation? †¢ †¢ Cause and effect: The return of prosperity after 1897 and new discoveries in Alaska and elsewhere effectively ended the free silver agitation and the domination of the money problem in American politics. Study the chronology on page 624. IV. Thought Provokers: (Or for class discussion) 1. Why has the Plains Indians’ resistance to white encroachment played such a large part in the popular American view of the West? How is that mythical past related to the Indians’ actual history? 2. What was â€Å"romantic† about the final phases of frontier settlement, and what was not? 3. Why was the â€Å"passing of the frontier† in 1890 a disturbing development for many Americans? Was the frontier more important as a particular place or as an idea? 4. Was the federal government biased against farmers and workers in the late ninetieth century? Why or why not? . Was McKinley’s election really a â€Å"conservative† one, or was it Bryan and the Populists who represented the agrarian past resisting a progressive urban American future? V. Makers of America: The Plains Indians (Questions for class discussion): 1. Compare the Plains Indians’ history and culture, especially before the coming of the whites, to that of the Iroquois (Chapter 2). How does this comparison prove the assertion that the cultures of various Indian peoples differ greatly? 2. In what ways did the Plains Indians benefit by the transformation of their way of life brought about by the horse? In what ways were they harmed? VI. Expanding the â€Å"Varying Viewpoints† ~ Frederick Jackson Turner, â€Å"Significance of the Frontier in American History† (1893) †¢ A view of the West as a place permanently shaping the formerly â€Å"European† American character: (His thesis) â€Å"The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward explain American development†¦. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character†¦. In this advance, the frontier is the outer edge of the wave–the meeting point between savagery and civilization†¦. † ~Richard White, The Middle Ground (1991) †¢ A view of the West as the product of the interaction of whites and Indians: (His thesis) â€Å"(The West) is not a traditional world either seeking to maintain itself unchanged or eroding under the pressure of whites. It is a joint Indian-white creation†¦. The real crisis came†¦ when Indians ceased to have power to force whites onto the middle ground. Then the desire of whites to dictate the terms of the accommodation could be given its head†¦. Americans invented Indians and forced Indians to live with the consequences. † VII. Questions about the â€Å"Varying Viewpoints† 1. What does each of these historians understand to be the essential characteristics of the West? 2. How does White’s assessment differ from Turner’s view of the frontier as a â€Å"meeting point between savagery and civilization†? 3. How would each of there historians interpret the Plains Indian wars and the confinement of Indians on reservations? VIII. Past A. P. Essay Questions from this area of study. 1. Ironically, popular belief in the ‘self-sufficient farmer’ and the ‘self-made man’ increased during the nineteenth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded. (1978) Assess the validity of this statement. 2. In what ways were the late nineteenth-century Populists the heirs of the Jacksonian Democrats with respect to overall objectives AND specific proposals for reform? (1989) 3. Although the economic development of the Trans-Mississippi West is popularly associated with hard individualism, it was in fact largely dependent on the federal government. Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to western economic activities in the nineteenth century. (1991) 4. To what extent did the natural environment shape the development of the West beyond the Mississippi and the lives of those who lived and settled there? how important were other factors? DBQ (1992) Use BOTH evidence from the documents AND your knowledge of the period from the 1840s through the 1890s to compose your answer. 5. Analyze the economic consequences of the Civil War with respect to any TWO of the following in the United States between 1865 and 1880. (1997) Agriculture Labor Industrialization Transportation (See Free Response Question 1997 booklet Rubric-Question # 4, pages 53-62. ) 6. How were the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century affected by technological developments and government actions? (1999) 7. Ironically, popular belief in the ‘self-sufficient farmer’ and the ‘self-made man’ increased during the ninetieth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded (1978) Assess the validity of this statement. 8. Documents A-H reveal some of the problems that many farmers in the late nineteenth century (1880-1900) saw as threats to their way of life. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period, (a) explain the reasons for agrarian discontent and (b) evaluate the validity of the farmers’ complaints. The Populists. (1983 DBQ) Doing the DBQ pages # 130-138 (A-H = 8 Docs. ) 9. Analyze the reasons for the emergence of the Populist movement in the late nineteenth century. (1995) 10. Analyze the ways in which technology, government policy, and economic conditions changed agriculture in the period 1865 – 1900. DBQ (2007) In your answer be sure to evaluate farmers’ responses to these changes.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Knee Arthroscopy

KNEE ARTHROSCOPY Procedure Steps: 1. The surgeon marks the anteromedial and anterolateral joint lines and portal positions with a skin marker. 2. The skin areas for portal placement are infiltrated with local epinephrine. If the knee has an effusion, the surgeon aspirates it with a 16-gauge needle on a 60ml syringe, followed by injection of a small amount of distending fluid. 3. After a small stab incision with a #11 or #15 knife blade, the surgeon inserts the irrigation cannula and trocar into the lateral suprapatellar pouch near the superior pole of the patella.Lactated Ringer’s or normal saline solution is connected to the cannula and the joint is distended using gravity or a pressure-sensitive arthroscopy pump. 4. A stab incision is then made laterally or medially 2-3 mm above the tibial plateau or patellar tendon at the joint line. A sharp trocar and sheath are inserted through the stab wound and just through the capsule. 5. A blunt trocar is used to pass the sheath into the knee joint. The surgeon removes the trocar and inserts a 30 or 70 degree scope into the sheath. The light source and video camera are connected to the scope. 6.The inflow may remain in the suprapatellar area, and the tubing is connected to the arthroscope, or the position may be reversed. 7. A spinal needle can be introduced under direct vision to determine the best angle for an opposite portal for insertion of probes and operative instruments. The cruciates and menisci are probed to determine integrity and tears. 8. The scope is moved to the opposite portal to facilitate complete examination. 9. The joint is irrigated periodically and at the end of the procedure to maintain good visualization and clear the joint of blood and tissue fragments. 10.Necessary repairs are made using special arthroscopic instruments, drills, shavers, or implants. 11. The surgeon closes the portals with nylon or undyed polyglactin suture and ? inch wound closure strips. 12. Local of surgeon’s c hoice (usually with epinephrine 1:200,000) may be injected intraarticularly to minimize bleeding and postoperative pain. Vaginal Hysterectomy Procedural Steps: 1. A patient is placed in lithotomy position, prepped and draped. 2. A weighted speculum is placed in the vagina for exposure. 3. A uterine tenaculum is passed to grasp the cervix and two hand held retractors are placed for additional exposure. . The anterior vaginal wall is opened with a transverse incision in the vesicovaginal layer of fascia. Space between vaginal wall and cervix is opened. 5. Bladder is dissected off the cervix and lower uterine segment anteriorly. Bladder is advanced on the cervix to vesicouterine fold. 6. Posterior vaginal wall is mobilized off the cervix by extending transverse vaginal skin incision posteriorly to encircle cervix. Cul-de-sac is entered and the incision extended to the ligaments, clamped, ligated, and incised at their attachment to the cervix. 7.Uterosacral ligaments are exposed, clampe d and doubly ligated bilaterally at their attachment to the cervix. Uterine vessels are clamped, incised, and ligated. 8. Bladder is retracted upward and cervix pulled downward. Peritoneal cavity is opened and uterine body is grasped, marking suture is placed on peritoneum. 9. Peritoneal incision is extended laterally until the anterior surface of uterine body can be delivered. Ovaries and tubes are inspected to determine if they need to be removed. 10. Round, ovarian, broad ligaments and fallopian tubes are clamped and ligated.This is done bilaterally. Mobilization of the uterus continues until it is completely free. The uterus then is removed as the specimen. 11. Next the bladder flap is closed with a 2-0 absorbable suture then the peritoneum also with a running absorbable suture. 12. Excess peritoneum is dissected to a point in front of the rectum. Edges are approximated in the midline and sutured. 13. Additional sutures are placed anterior to the rectum to provide additional str ength and support of the vaginal vault. 14. Peritoneal cavity is closed with a purse string suture.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

The Fed and Interest Rates essays

The Fed and Interest Rates essays Subject: THE FED AND INTEREST RATES Changing the interest rates is definitely a good monetary policy for the Fed to use when slowing down or speeding up the economy. The government would want to speed up the economy when the economy is in a recession because the goal of the Fed is to promote economic growth. On the other hand, the economy will want to slow down the economy when the economy is growing so rapidly that the inflation rates are rising rapidly as a result. Economic decisions, such as monetary policy, are all part of a game, but in this game there is no way to see what is going to happen. All one can do is guess what they should do to encourage economic growth. Background Information on Newspaper Article According to economic analysts, the Fed is expected to lower the interest rate from its current 4% down either a half-point or a quarter-point. This will be the first time since 1994 that the Feds key rate has been below 4%. According to the paper, Just how worried the Fed still is about U.S. companies shrinking earnings will be evident in the size of this weeks cut... From this expectation of lowering the interest rate, one can derive that the Fed believes the economy is in a recession an in order to get the economy out of the recessionary gap the Fed must lower interest rates. In opposition to the Feds future decision, is a distinct minority of economists. These economists argue that the Fed has already cut the interest rates enough and that they should let those cuts work their way into the economy. Those who are in favor of the interest rate cut argue With the market still down year to date, layoffs and bankruptcies rising and few signs of a turnaround in spending on technology equipment, yields on short-term Treasury securities continue to signal that the Fed isnt done cutting. ...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Free Essays on Political Systems In The Islamic World

Political Systems in the Islamic World Islam, meaning â€Å"submission,† is a religion emerging from God’s revelation to the final, and most influential prophet, Muhammad. Those who follow Islam are Muslims: those who are submissive to God’s will. Islam is a spiritual idea, as well as a religion. From its earliest roots, its spiritual aspect has been combined with politics. Muhammad helped to bring together people through religious faith and the social and political systems of the time. Under Muhammad, leadership was both a political and religious responsibility. However, a problem with Muhammad’s position shortly followed his death in 632, which has caused two major political problems and has split Muslims into two distinct parts. Two main questions were considered after Muhammad’s death.  · Who will be the successor of Muhammad?  · Will there be a political civil war to settle this dispute? First, the successors of Muhammad were called Caliphs. Caliph is the English form of the Arabic word, â€Å"Khalifa,† meaning â€Å"successor to the messenger of God.† Caliphs are the heads of the Muslim community, who hold a responsibility to continue in the path of the prophet, and to spread the word of God. Muslims were to obey the Caliphs under all circumstances as long as the obeyed the law of God. Secondly, many arguments came about over who should be the successor of Muhammad. Due to the sensitivity of the issue of who next becomes Caliph, Islam then, broke out into two sects: Sunnis and Shiites. Sunnis are those who favor a leader who will imitate the examples of Muhammad. They believe that the next caliphs should be those who best fulfill the position. In contrast, Shiites believe in a direct blood relation to Muhammad. They believe that Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad should have been the next caliph. However, Sunnis favored that leadership of the best candidate for caliph. The Caliphate Period be... Free Essays on Political Systems In The Islamic World Free Essays on Political Systems In The Islamic World Political Systems in the Islamic World Islam, meaning â€Å"submission,† is a religion emerging from God’s revelation to the final, and most influential prophet, Muhammad. Those who follow Islam are Muslims: those who are submissive to God’s will. Islam is a spiritual idea, as well as a religion. From its earliest roots, its spiritual aspect has been combined with politics. Muhammad helped to bring together people through religious faith and the social and political systems of the time. Under Muhammad, leadership was both a political and religious responsibility. However, a problem with Muhammad’s position shortly followed his death in 632, which has caused two major political problems and has split Muslims into two distinct parts. Two main questions were considered after Muhammad’s death.  · Who will be the successor of Muhammad?  · Will there be a political civil war to settle this dispute? First, the successors of Muhammad were called Caliphs. Caliph is the English form of the Arabic word, â€Å"Khalifa,† meaning â€Å"successor to the messenger of God.† Caliphs are the heads of the Muslim community, who hold a responsibility to continue in the path of the prophet, and to spread the word of God. Muslims were to obey the Caliphs under all circumstances as long as the obeyed the law of God. Secondly, many arguments came about over who should be the successor of Muhammad. Due to the sensitivity of the issue of who next becomes Caliph, Islam then, broke out into two sects: Sunnis and Shiites. Sunnis are those who favor a leader who will imitate the examples of Muhammad. They believe that the next caliphs should be those who best fulfill the position. In contrast, Shiites believe in a direct blood relation to Muhammad. They believe that Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad should have been the next caliph. However, Sunnis favored that leadership of the best candidate for caliph. The Caliphate Period be...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

How To Make a Prototype

How To Make a Prototype Before 1880, every inventor had to present a working model or prototype of his or her invention to the patent office as part of the patent application. You do not have to submit a prototype anymore, however, prototypes are great for several reasons. Legally a prototype proves what is called a reduction to practice. The United States used to hold the  first to invent rule, granting a patent to the first inventor who conceives and reduces the technology or invention to practice, for example, a working prototype or a well-written description. Today the United States follows the first to patent rule. However, a prototype is invaluable for business dealings if your invention is still at that stage of funding. Do not underestimate the power of having one.You can include photos of your prototype in your inventors log book.A prototype helps you figure out any design flaws your invention has and if it really works.It can help you make sure your invention is the right size, shape, and form.A prototype helps you sell or license an invention. You can use it during demonstrations.Making one can prepare you to write your patent application and make your patent drawings. How to Make a Prototype Some of the steps listed below apply in different ways to different types of inventions, for example, a simple wooden toy vs a complex electronic device. Use your common sense to apply the steps in ways that make sense to your individual case. Make a drawing(s) of your invention. If available use the descriptions or drawing from your inventors log book. Keep all the sketches in your logbook.If you know how you might want to make a CAD drawing of your invention. Simple CAD (computer-aided design) programs exist that you might be able to use yourself.Make a non-working model of your invention out of foam, wood, metal, paper, cardboard. This will test your inventions size and form.Make or plan how to make a working model of your invention. Depending on your invention, you might be casting in metal or plastic. Write down all the materials, supplies and tools you may need and identify the steps needed to assemble your prototype. You might need simple to complex engineering drawings for any electronics. At this stage, you might want to pick up a book or kit on prototyping. You might need to contact professional for quotes on what any work you need to be done will cost.You have to figure out how much a working prototype will cost to make. Remember one copy might be very expensive to make. Mass production brings down the cost per unit. If you can make your own prototype and you can afford it, do it. Do your research on the latest methods and alternatives. For example, plastic injection molds are expensive, however, a method of CAD called Rapid Prototyping is an alternative.Depending on your invention, your prototype might be very expensive to make. If that is the case you might want to produce a virtual prototype. Today, computer programs can simulate an invention in 3D and can test that an invention does work. Virtual prototypes can be made by a professional and they cost a thousand or more. They can make you a video or CD animation of your invention working.You may have to create a real working model of your invention if perhaps a buyer or licensee demands one.You may have to hire a professional prototyper, engineer or designer at some point in this process. Our Prototyping Resources includes directories of professionals. Before Hiring a Prototype Maker Discuss your project thoroughly. Make sure that you can communicate well to this person.In advance, agree on fees for the entire project. Prototype makers can charge very high fees by the hour.Tell them exactly what you want to include with as many details as possible. Include your drawings and possibly your virtual prototype files.Make sure anyone you talk to signs a nondisclosure agreement with you before you publicly disclose your invention.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Economics for business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Economics for business - Essay Example The US economy’s success in the past with their macroeconomic policies is reflected in the Federal Reserve’s successful management of the economy during the economic meltdown in 2000 and 2001. The dot.com meltdown along with the subsequent recession brought down the US economy in early 2001 with high levels of unemployment and plunging equity markets. But with the government’s repeated tax cuts and Federal Reserve’s interest rate reductions, the economy was back on its feet in a short span of time. The economy grew steadily post that through the end of 2007, with real GDP expanding at an annual rate of 2.6% during this period. Productivity rose at a 3% rate, equity markets soared, unemployment rate fell to 4.4%, inflation remained low and consumer spending grew by 5.5% year-on-year (Rattner, Steven). With capital readily available, the cost of borrowing fell to record lows and lending grew at a rapid pace. With the soaring economy, the level of corporate bond defaults reached its all time lows. With record liquidity in the credit market, the economy went all out and volumes of leveraged buyouts soared. Leveraged buyouts are a sign of an ambitious take-over as the financing in such a case is mobilized principally through risky bonds that carry high interest rates. Such low rated debts swelled to 35% of the total high yield issuances in the US (Rattner, Steven). In 1994, less than 5% of the total mortgages were subprime in the US; in 2005, the figure was up to 20%. The rates of interest began to increase in 2005 after years of stable and decreasing trend (EconomyWatch.com). This led to fall in demand for houses, which brought down the house prices as well. A number of house owners who were highly leveraged on subprime mortgages found themselves neither being able to combat the increase in payment nor sell of their houses. â€Å"According to a National Bureau of Economic Research study published in 2003, the

Friday, October 18, 2019

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Assignment 5 - Essay Example probability and non-probability sampling design arises because of the use of random sampling under probability-based sampling (Gravetter & Wallanau, 2008). Probability sampling works on the principle random sampling such that every unit in a population has equal chance of being selected as a sampling unit. However, under non-probability sampling, sampling units are selected on any other basis but not based on selected randomly. Systematic random sampling involves the design of sample in which samples are drawn in some systematic manner. For instance, every fifth item from a number wise population should be selected as a sampling unit, etc. Cluster random sampling divides the population based on geographical area and then the random samples are drawn from each cluster. Geographical area is the main distinguishing factor between cluster and stratified random sampling design. Any other method of drawing samples from a given population other than random sampling is referred to as non-probability sampling. Generally, there are two broader categories of non-probability sampling such as convenience sampling and purposive sampling. Purposive sampling itself has further five types and discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. Under convenience sampling, the researcher draws the sample as per his/her own convenience. For instance, researchers conducting social research use college or university students as their target samples because it is easy to collect their responses. In clinical researches, patients are the major respondents of the researcher because it is easy to obtain their responses. However, the biggest problem that lies with this method is that the samples drawn are not actually the true reflection of population and thus creates the threat to external validity of the research design. Purposive sampling mainly involves the selection of sampling units based on some purpose behind their selection. This method is the best method of sampling in case where the

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Case Study Example Personally, the most appropriate alternative would be to delay the decision and initiate the detailed cost accounting studies. These studies are precisely to determine product profitability in the company. Taking this alternative is informed by a number of factors, all of which address the operational and performance crisis that the company faces. To start with, taking the other two alternatives would drastically affect the overall operations of the company. This would not be a good choice due to the fact that not all operations of the company are affecting its performance. Some of the company’s business aspects are actually doing well in terms of performance. The most appropriate alternative would need an intensive evaluation and assessment of the specific operations or activities in the company that led to the crisis being experienced (Forssell 113). The intended cost accounting studies will have to evaluate the profitability of the company’s products. Doing so will subsequently inform the course of action to be taken. The slow-moving products may not be the problem, and the second production line may pick up in due course, or fail altogether. However, this is a scenario that cannot just be speculated. Delaying the decision would allow adequate time to analyze all company departments and production lines. On the same note, company trends in terms of operations and performance can be assessed within the same period. Therefore, delaying the decision only makes it possible to make an informed and rational decision, as opposed to making a haphazard decision that may end up maintaining the status quo in the firm. The cost accounting studies have a critical role to play in determining the specific company aspect that is in dire need for change in order to address the underlying crisis. Product profitability is arrived at after factoring in all fundamental aspects of the production line in question. This is the outcome of the production

Thursday, October 17, 2019

The Gender and the Nature of Enquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Gender and the Nature of Enquiry - Essay Example In this study, two pieces of research into issues in education are used to compare and contrast the approaches used in terms of establishment of a theoretical basis. Backgrounds on the Studies The first study is by Philips (2002, pp. 409-414) who investigated the underrepresentation of women in the engineering profession in the UK. The study identifies the imagery and cultural stereotyping affecting the educational decisions and choices made by girls and young women as being responsible for the issue. The researcher embeds his study in the social construction of gender as her theoretical framework and argues that domination of engineering practice by men results in the field becoming masculine out of societal perceptions. Citing criticism of positivist approaches to social research, the researcher uses a qualitative approach, undertaking an interview-based methodology to achieve inter-objective understanding. The study sampled 15 participants drawn from female engineers already train ing and working in the UK. The second study is by Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, pp. 165-180) investigating the disengagement from education of inner-city, ethnically diverse working class girls due to their construction of hetero-femininities. The researchers are of the opinion that construction of identity and values based on heterosexual femininities by girls contributes to their disengagement from education and schooling, and address the paradoxes that arise when such hetero-feminist constructions spill over to oppressive power relations. The study itself was qualitative, involving in-depth interviews, focus groups and some photo diaries. It sampled young people across 6 urban London secondary schools aged between 14 and 16. The interviews were undertaken 3-4 times in two years and involved interviews with the staff. Theoretical Frameworks of the Studies Gerring (2001, pp. 8-9) discusses the absolute importance of basing social research on sound theoretical frameworks. Social research without these bases is inconceivable as they provide the guidelines used by scholars to define and refine their studies. They specify interconnected questions and hypotheses that then guide the researcher in establishing his/her study. Philips (2002, p. 410) selects social construction of gender over feminist theories such as standpoint perspective in explaining that the predominance of males in the engineering profession as a main contributory factor to under-representation of females in engineering education and practice. A self perpetuating stereotypical perception is created among people that engineering is a masculine field due to the prominence of men in the engineering practice. The masculine orientation of the field and thus education is maintained by these prevailing social and sexual stereotypes, and confirm the views that science and technology are an essential aspect of masculinity in the modern day. Basing on this theoretical context, the under-represent ation of women in the engineering education is explained by the perceptions of young women that engineering is a masculine field and thus they chose not to study it. It is thus important to break the perception if at all gender balance is to be achieved in the engineering education and practice. In contrast, Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, p. 167) underpin their study on two

Discipleship Counseling Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discipleship Counseling - Research Paper Example The absence of these three approaches in the counseling ministry will result in an ineffective ministry that will not adequately meet serve the members of the Kingdom of God. It is imperative to note that spiritual warfare includes the area of prayer, battles waged in the spiritual realm and the effects of spiritual oppression. When the concept of spiritual warfare is properly utilized without overemphasis that it is the only cause, it can be very effective. The Wholistic approach is when the body, soul and spirit are considered, even as relevant Christian theologies are also considered, taking care not to involve secular thoughts or those that are not Biblical. Dealing with counselee with compassion entails allowing for connection with the counselee so as to allow the individual to move out of the situation. Introduction While the aspect of discipleship counseling is often overlooked, it is a very important duty that should be practiced by Christian leaders upon their flock, conside ring the Lord Jesus Himself practiced it often upon His disciples and to the people who followed Him during His ministry on earth (Anderson, 2003). It should dawn on Christian leaders that counseling of the flock that God has laid into their hands is one of the most important aspects of their responsibilities. Proper training and readiness then by Christian leaders is important if the needs of the many people who are suffering from stressful and emotional problems are to be addressed in The United States of America and all over the world (AACC, 2004). Christian counseling can be more effective than psychological or normal counseling because of these three important aspects, spiritual warfare, the wholistic approach and compassion which are included, this is in spite of the fact that the counselee must be a Christian, one who believes Christ’s work of redemption (Anderson, 2003). In the world today, there is a wave of spiritual attack which has bound many people and made the s urrender to the Kingdom of God and the mind like that which was in Christ difficult. A well equipped Christian counselor will recognize this fact and take the necessary approach to counseling like being grounded in prayer and in the word of God from whom counsel and guidance and power will originate. This will place the counselor above an ordinary counselor whose efforts are only guided by human knowledge. The Christian counselor should always remember that effective counseling will be guided by the ability to wage effective spiritual warfare to the forces of opposition from beginning to the end. Compassion will also be actively be exercised to be effective at all times if the leader is to be effective. The effective counselor will also approach the problem at hand from a wholistic perspective, but not from a singular one for the best results. Spiritual warfare, which is essentially waged by spiritual forces on the mind is a very important concept to consider in discipleship counsel ing but not solely as the only concept. The statistics of divorce, rebellion in society and drug abuse among many problems are extraordinarily high all over the world and, an ill equipped Christian counselor can be over awed by individuals who come for his assistance to solve them (Anderson, 2003). Many people are on medication for high blood pressure resultant from anger and frustration. While ordinary counseling and Medicare will advocate for medical solutions and concepts, the

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

The Gender and the Nature of Enquiry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Gender and the Nature of Enquiry - Essay Example In this study, two pieces of research into issues in education are used to compare and contrast the approaches used in terms of establishment of a theoretical basis. Backgrounds on the Studies The first study is by Philips (2002, pp. 409-414) who investigated the underrepresentation of women in the engineering profession in the UK. The study identifies the imagery and cultural stereotyping affecting the educational decisions and choices made by girls and young women as being responsible for the issue. The researcher embeds his study in the social construction of gender as her theoretical framework and argues that domination of engineering practice by men results in the field becoming masculine out of societal perceptions. Citing criticism of positivist approaches to social research, the researcher uses a qualitative approach, undertaking an interview-based methodology to achieve inter-objective understanding. The study sampled 15 participants drawn from female engineers already train ing and working in the UK. The second study is by Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, pp. 165-180) investigating the disengagement from education of inner-city, ethnically diverse working class girls due to their construction of hetero-femininities. The researchers are of the opinion that construction of identity and values based on heterosexual femininities by girls contributes to their disengagement from education and schooling, and address the paradoxes that arise when such hetero-feminist constructions spill over to oppressive power relations. The study itself was qualitative, involving in-depth interviews, focus groups and some photo diaries. It sampled young people across 6 urban London secondary schools aged between 14 and 16. The interviews were undertaken 3-4 times in two years and involved interviews with the staff. Theoretical Frameworks of the Studies Gerring (2001, pp. 8-9) discusses the absolute importance of basing social research on sound theoretical frameworks. Social research without these bases is inconceivable as they provide the guidelines used by scholars to define and refine their studies. They specify interconnected questions and hypotheses that then guide the researcher in establishing his/her study. Philips (2002, p. 410) selects social construction of gender over feminist theories such as standpoint perspective in explaining that the predominance of males in the engineering profession as a main contributory factor to under-representation of females in engineering education and practice. A self perpetuating stereotypical perception is created among people that engineering is a masculine field due to the prominence of men in the engineering practice. The masculine orientation of the field and thus education is maintained by these prevailing social and sexual stereotypes, and confirm the views that science and technology are an essential aspect of masculinity in the modern day. Basing on this theoretical context, the under-represent ation of women in the engineering education is explained by the perceptions of young women that engineering is a masculine field and thus they chose not to study it. It is thus important to break the perception if at all gender balance is to be achieved in the engineering education and practice. In contrast, Archer, Halsall and Hollingworth (2007, p. 167) underpin their study on two

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Canadian Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Canadian Economy - Essay Example   The main   economic indicators of the   health of any economy comprise in either the absolute figure of the Gross National Product(GNP) or the Gross National Expenditure(GNE) of the economy ,preferably on deflated basis with a base year or the period to period growth rate in such a rate ;unemployment rate is another critical indicators of the economic development and growth as it indicates the percentage of the able bodies that are not gainfully employed; the third and last   most important indicator of the economic health of the economy is the inflation rate which indicates the rate at which a chosen set of prices are rising and thereby determines the real purchasing power of the national currency. A high degree of inflation often leads to widespread erosion of economic value and if the inflation is caused by monetary factors then the economic results can give misleading results if measured at market prices. Canadian economy has come out of period of recession and is on an expansionary phase. It has experienced this growth despite several shocks like the hit to beef exports caused by the Mad Cow disease SAARS afflictions etc. As of the 3rd quarter 2007 the total population of Canada was placed at 32,976,026 .As of October 2007 Canada had an unemployment rate of 5.8 % .As of September 2007 the overall Canadian inflation rate was measured at 2.5 % .Real GDP rose by   0.2 % as of August 2007. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most often used economic indicator to arrive at a good measure of the value of economic activity.... tal population of Canada was placed at 32,976,026 .As of October 2007 Canada had an unemployment rate of 5.8 % .As of September 2007 the overall Canadian inflation rate was measured at 2.5 % .Real GDP rose by 0.2 % as of August 2007. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most often used economic indicator to arrive at a good measure of the value of economic activity. In fact, the GDP is a double edged sword in the sense that it helps measure two major economic data over the reference period: the total income of the population in the economy and the total expenditure incurred on the economy's domestic output of goods and services. A major factor that makes the GDP measure these two things is the fact that whatever one person in the economy spends becomes the income of another person; because in the ultimate sense each person in the economy assumes one of the two roles i.e. either that of the buyer or that of the seller. If one is not a seller himself, more general position then he is a member of a seller organization which is an economic agent and pays the member for selling his services. Speaking from the accounting point of view, for the economy as a whole, income and expenditure must always equal one another. In the 2nd quarter of 2007 Canadian exports rose by 0.7 % ;whereas the imports rose by 1.6 % in the same period. The exchange rate of the Canadian dollar with its major trading currency the US dollar stood at 1.0254 as of October 2007.The most sensitive and indicative of all interest rates i.e. The Prime interest rate was placed at 6.25 % as of October 2007. The stock markets also witnessed a good turnover and activity and the S&P/TSX Composite Index, with base of 1975 stood at 14,625.00 as of October 2007.The most important economic indicators of the Federal

Monday, October 14, 2019

Intergrated Project Deliver at Autodesk, Inc. Essay Example for Free

Intergrated Project Deliver at Autodesk, Inc. Essay When working at any company or organization, communication is the key issue in starting up a project. Whenever you being a project, the first step would how to communicate with the team member you will be working with. Bernstein and his team have completed an important project within the budget, timeline, and scope. In this paper, I will discuss the vision statement, and briefly discuss the following: * Generated for the project scope. * Examine how Phil Bernstein foster high levels of performance for the project * Illustrates the unsuccessful tactics to inspire the team to greater heights * Create my own approach to managing this project. Phil Bernstein is the project leader for IPD, and the construction project at AEC headquarters. Bernstein and his team shall develop, and implementing a shared vision that will help motivate, and inspire the team to work hard to make the project a success. The vision needs to include AEC’s communication for the workplace to demonstrating the importance of creativity and innovation. When starting the vision statement it should be simple, and expresses the aspirations and goals of a company or organization. When developing a vision statement this gives the members of the organization or project team the chance to come together to look at areas of expertise, and decide on the future of the project. The project is to use the Autodesk Inc. that produces software for architecture, engineering, and construction, to create a non-traditional office building using 3D technology. The project is to use the conduction of the new headquarters as an opportunity for its Solutions Division to combine the latest software capabilities into building information modeling with an emerging paradigm called integrated project delivery (Edmondson Rashid, 2009). The project will use the  IPD method to foster communication among all stakeholders during the early stages of the project. To foster higher levels of performance, Bernstein will ensure the project design qualities stayed supported with the project goals and budget constraints. This particular project is critical that no team member lag behind in providing the desired output. In the case study, it was demonstrated when the project management team has to make the choice to terminate a vendor who was working on the Customer Briefing Center ceiling. The vendor was initially hired because of the building information model capabilities and experience working on the bench mark projects. The team later learned that the vendor would not be able to build nor install the ceiling within the budget that was given for that portion of the project. The team came together and decided the issue and came to a conclusion to relieve the vendor of his duties. The team decided to hire another vendor to perform the duties. The vendor that the team hired lacked the technical skills that the previous one attained, but the new vendor would be able to deliver the project on time and within the budget. Being able to deliver on time and within budget is the ideal for majority of project done. Another example of fostering higher level performance is when the team members are able to communicate and set goals to meet the objectives of integrated project delivery. The managers should empower other team members with decision making responsibilities. It is not noted throughout the case that there are critical decision that must be made. The executives should feel confident that they hired the right people to make decisions and not be afraid to take the necessary risk to ensure the project stays on track. To ensure that integrated project delivery works effectively the project implementation team must have the right mind set. Illustrate his unsuccessful tactics to inspire the team to greater heights Bernstein illustrated unsuccessful tactics when there appeared to be trouble with the contingency. Bernstein decided that for all future projects he will not include any savings from the contingency as part of the compensation structure. According to the case study, it appeared that contingency was a bad idea, because it is not in sync with the integrated project delivery (Harvard Business School, p.70). Integrated project delivery is emerging as the way to organize project teams to achieve a lean construction at a time when the industry is searching for ways to eliminate  waste, cut costs, improve productivity, and create positive outcomes (Carbasho, 2008). The reason Bernstein wants to use this practice, because it generally fosters collaboration amongst the team by integrating all the stakeholders regardless of the levels. Bernstein understands that developing rapport early in the project will enhance the outcome. Bernstein also recognized that there was a problem with the contingency idea because the team wanted to ensure that if the project saved money they wanted to include it in the contingency compensation. The team wanted to include the money in the compensation package because at the end of the project the money can potentially be used as incentives, and could be divided among the team player. Bernstein decided that maintaining contingency within the compensation package was not worth the trouble, some members agreed with Bernstein while other believed if the scope of the contract was defined more accurately the contingency issue may not be problematic. Bernstein decision to keep the two funds separate created some conflict among the team. This type of decision and tension of maintaining a separate contingency was not favorable with the integrated project delivery approach to foster, nor promote open sharing of information. One member believed that having the members of the team mutually accountable is worth a whole lot more than the cost of sharing a few dollars (Edmondson Rashid, 2009). The approach that would be used to manage this project would be similar to the current approach. The integrated project delivery method would appear to be the most logical and cost effective. The idea of integrating all stakeholders at one time does not appear to be anything new that project managers have not used previously. Although there were barriers along the way, this approach seemed to work. The project finished on time and was recognized for its efforts by the American Institute of Architects (Edmondson Rashid, 2009). As a project manager the first collaboration and task amongst the team members would be to establish a vision statement, which involves creating a view of the desired results of your projects, which is normally shared by all stakeholders. Without a vision it would be difficult to continue on with the project of this size. The integrated approach focuses on what is commonly known as the core group of the project such as: the owner, contractor and architect/designer this type of approach can be applied well beyond three main stakeholders aforementioned. The use of the  major stakeholders is a reasonable approach however this approach will also include other important team members who will be as important to ensure the project’s success. By continuing to use the IPD approach shall allow the owners to openly share the project information. It will also streamline the project communication which allows them to effectively balance the project options to meet their business enterprise goals. By using the integrated delivery approach it will strengthen the project teams, and understanding the owner’s desired outcome. The IPD approach will include the contractors, one of the core members that will allow them to contribute their expertise in construction techniques early in the design process resulting in improving project quality and financial performance during the construction phrase. By using the contractors during the designing phase will help with pre-construction planning and understanding the design. As a project manager, one would realize that understanding the design is crucial for this project, because if something goes wrong it could be very costly. Using the architectures or designers as part of the process is another one of those early benefits such as accurate budget estimates to make informed design decision and the pre-construction resolution of design related issues resulting in improved quality and financial performance. They usually bring some of the same qualities as the contractor but from a different perspective. The IPD approach is the desired method that should be used because it’s known to be built on trust and early involvement by more parties. As we all have learned throughout this course, developing trust among the team members encourage people to focus on project outcomes versus individual goals. The project lifecycle will be included with the IPD approach as part of the standard procedures. Reference Carbasho, T. (2008). Integrated Project Delivery Improves Efficiency streamlines construction. Retrieved from htt://www.tradelineinc.com/reports/0A03D1C0-2B3B-B5252-85702EDF900F61 Edmondson, A.C. Rashid, F.(2009) Integrated Project Delivery at Autodesk, Inc. Boston: Boston, MA: Harvard Business Publishing. Lewis, J. (2003). Project leadership: Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Exploring whether are Criminals Born or Made

Exploring whether are Criminals Born or Made A criminal can be defined as a person who has committed a crime. It does not matter whether one has committed a crime once or numerous times. Offences that may make one qualify to be called a criminal may include, robbery with violence, murder and so on. One may wonder why is it that some people have the habit of continually committing such crimes while others dont? Is it a matter of inheriting some genes from the family or is it ones on desire to do so? These questions and many more are some reasons that have brought about a fiery argument from the subject of criminology in the expedition to find the source of criminal behaviour in our society today and also ways of dealing with such kind of behaviour in our society. This essay will bring out factors that may lead to answering some of these questions looking at both approaches whether one is born a criminal or is forced to become a criminal because of some other factors like environment. Nevertheless, the essay will take a position and argue that these criminals are made and that no one is born a criminal. This is a behaviour some people obtain due to either by their own choice or factors from their environment. Psychologists have come up with many assumptions and intentions as to why individuals commit crimes. The two main clarifications lie in genetic and environmental factors, which conveys to the nature and nurture debate. Some argue that criminals are born, these are philosophers and scientists who believe that the genetics play a role in a persons behaviour and thus criminals are as a result of the same; these are twin and adoption studies. On the other hand there are also studies that have been conducted to prove that criminals are made by society, these are scientist and philosophers who consider that it is the environment, such as a persons interaction with the society that models behaviour of the individual. Some psychologists and medical researchers have come to the theory that criminal behaviour is hereditary just as other medical conditions, such as heart disease and high cholesterol. This gives a conclusion that criminals have a tendency to commit crime and are indeed born (Wasserman D (2004). On the other hand, an individual who is not genetically inclined to criminal behaviour can be forced by the environment to get involved in to the same. Peer pressure is one of best illustration in such cases. Most of the criminals today are from big cities where living conditions are somehow hostile. One of the major factors that drive such individuals to criminal behaviour is poverty, which in this case lies in the nature side of the debate. That is to say, poverty, which is an environmental factor, also plays a huge role in producing criminal behaviour (Baatz, Darrow, 2009).. A study on identical twins in a University in Florida carried out in 2007 shows that the relationship of criminal behaviour of identical and fraternal twins were evaluated with each other in these studies; it was concluded that rates of participation in criminal acts to be more alike for pairs of identical twins compared to fraternal. However, critics dispute that reasons other than that of hereditary could be the cause for the result. Contrasting to other family members identical twins normally spend more time collectively, frequently having the similar instructors and associates, thus sharing allot of experiences. Identical twins are more often than not closely emotionally involved to each other because of the aforesaid factors, making them similar in approach and behaviour including, involvement in criminal activity. A question may be raised in relation to genetic factors leading to criminal behaviour, that why should one be penalized if it is genetically inherited? The answer to such a question rely in part on whether one believes that factors reducing but not getting rid of ones ability for willpower ought to reduce moral accountability for ones behaviour. Moral philosophers differ on this subject, with some requiring an impairment of normal deliberative processes or at least a denial of the desires that the person finds so hard to manage before they would accept an argument for improvement. However, poverty is not the only environmental factor that may lead an individual to crime. One may notice that though poverty is a factor in criminal behavior, not all people leaving in poverty indulge in crime (Raine, 1993). This is to say that criminal behavior can be controlled by the environmental factors like what lessons one is taught. Still, not all criminals come from modest background or from big cities, some also come from well-off families living in outer edge. These are mostly peer influence, naturally human beings are sensible, and they freely make decisions even though they understand the outcome of their own choices. Thus criminals are not born but made. The old proverb says that wicked group damage decent principles. Relating with criminals can make an individual to end up as a criminal. This may be the major motive why children from well-off families obtain criminal behaviour. Petty crimes committed by children may appear to be a tale to friends who may also be involved the same for pleasurable. Over duration of time, this behaviour may prove to become a permanent thing. Peer pressure is mainly clear in the slums where houses close to one another. Among other factors, this explains why crime rate is on the higher on average in poor vicinity. According to study, families in inner cities are facing many challenges. There is extremely huge number of single parent families where mostly the father is missing. A family where father is missing lacks that unity that a father brings in a family. Boys need a father figure in the family to help them grow and learn how to control their manhood. In Addition to this domestic hostility that is ra mpant in families and the circumstances that become apparent is an rising number of youth brought up in such homes. Another good example is the high rate of criminal activity associated with African Americans as compared to the whites. This can only be explained by the peer influence acquired from one another in these neighbourhoods. A family mingles an individual to the exterior world. It introduces the prospects of society on each individual. When the individual is brought up in a family set upwhere there is respect for authority and personal possessions, there is affection, and hard work is appreciated; this individual assumes the similar principles. A father figure in the family symbolizes authority. Children brought up in single parented families where they were battered may utter their antagonism on the public and become criminals (Ferri, 2008). The importance of rearing children in normal families cannot be contradicted. Thus most single parented families play a major role to crime in that they do not instil the best of the children they bring up by bringing out the mandatory morals. This evidently illustrates why a family is the heart of every society, and everything that takes place in it will eventually resound transversely in the whole society (Miller, Gaines, 2008). The same relates to schools. A sch ool not only implant helpful morals, but also authorize children to lead straightforward lives. Failure to this, its graduates may be prone to crime. From the above-mentioned situations, the environment also plays are the crucial task in initialling criminals. Therefore, criminals are made. This is to say, criminals realize this behaviour from their neighbourhood or they are forced by living conditions. Similarly psychologists frequently say things like Families with inadequate communication and poor family attachment have been shown to have a connection with a childs development of hostile/criminal behavior.   Or children are at a bigger risk of involving in crimes, if they were abandoned or neglected (Caspi A. (2002). There is sharp turn of events in out societal principles concerning earning a living currently. We are instructed that in order to be wealthy, you dont need to work hard, but rather work smart.. The meaning of the term work smart is vague. In the real sense, an individual a little less hard but earning significantly extra than generally individuals would be termed to be working smart. Reasonably speaking, there are careers where people receive plenty of money for working fewer hours; compared to r the majority plenty of cash is a result of tolerance and hard work. Since chances for working smart are scarce or rather imaginary, some people end up devious and other deceitful activities that border on crime to get money (Baatz, Darrow, 2009). In societies where people like this obtain and hold on to their corrupted wealth, who would be willing to stick to usual ways of earning a living. Everyone will be on the look for a shortcut to develop living standards. This habitually means turni ng to corruption. When such circumstances exist in any society it will eventually crumple, particularly if the leaders are implicated. To conclude therefore, it can be argued that, though studies have found that both genes and environment play a role in the criminality of the individual, the environment plays a key role in stemming or spreading such behaviors. Criminals are therefore made and not necessarily born